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A plane carrying the chief executive of the world's biggest oil exporter was prevented from landing in the Chinese capital of Beijing on Tuesday because of thick smog blanketing large swathes of northern China.
Amin Nasser, CEO of the Saudi Arabian oil producer Aramco, was due to attend an event on Saudi culture at Beijing's National Museum. But company officials said his plane was diverted after a fourth day of heavy smog led to the cancellation of more than 300 flights.
China declared a "war on pollution" in 2014 amid concern its heavy industrial past was tarnishing its global reputation and holding back its future development. But it has struggled to reverse the damage done by decades of breakneck economic growth, much of it based on the coal-burning power sector.
Despite months of efforts to hone its rapid response systems, air quality deteriorated in parts of the region on Tuesday, with the environment ministry warning that firms were flouting emergency restrictions.
Some power plants and chemical producers had not scaled back operations in line with regulations, according to China Environmental News, the official publication of the Ministry of Environmental Protection.
The paper said as many as 24 cities had issued pollution "red alerts" by Tuesday, but despite the implementation of emergency measures, smog concentrations had increased in some places.
They included several major cities in the industrial province of Hebei, which surrounds Beijing. Red alerts are issued when an air quality index (AQI) is forecast to exceed 200 for more than four days in succession, 300 for more than two days or 500 for at least 24 hours.
In Handan, a major steel producer, the 24-hour average AQI at one monitoring station reached a record 780, according to environmental group Greenpeace.
"The scale of the red alert measures show that the Chinese government is taking air pollution seriously," said Greenpeace climate and energy campaigner Dong Liansai.
"However, the ongoing 'airpocalypse' is further evidence that China must implement far stricter limitations on coal consumption and accelerate the restructuring of the economy away from the heavily polluting sectors," Dong said.
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Pollution alerts have become common in China's northern industrial heartland, especially during winter when energy demand - much of it met by coal - skyrockets.
Official data from the Hebei provincial capital of Shijiazhuang showed average readings of small breathable particles known as PM 2.5, a major component of China's AQI, had risen to 665 micrograms per cubic meter by Tuesday morning.
The World Health Organization recommends concentrations of just 10 micrograms.
The government said average PM 2.5 concentrations in the first three-quarters of 2016 dropped 8.5 percent compared with the same period last year, but officials have expressed concern that heavy winter pollution has overshadowed any progress.
China has repeatedly blamed "unfavorable weather" for much of the pollution this month, with high humidity and low wind speeds preventing the dispersal of emissions from coal-fired winter heating plants.
Several lawyers are suing the cities of Beijing and Tianjin and Hebei province for what they say has been their failure to fulfil responsibilities in battling the smog.
In recent days, Beijing has imposed an "odd-even" licence plate restriction in a bid to remove half the vehicles from the roads but there have been at least 85,000 cases of violations.
The capital has also suspended outdoor operations at more than 3,000 construction sites.
According to forecasts, the pollution will gradually abate with the expected arrival of northerly winds on Thursday.
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